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This chapter outlines the principles of nonequilibrium thermodynamics for systems not far from global equilibrium Understanding the thermodynamic properties of solids, liquids, and gases—such as enthalpy, entropy, gibbs free energy, and chemical potential—enables accurate predictions of phase changes, reaction spontaneity, and mechanical performance under thermal stress. In this region, the transport and rate equations are expressed in linear forms, and the onsager reciprocal relations are valid.
It's crucial for understanding transport phenomena, chemical reactions, and biological systems, extending classical thermodynamics to more complex scenarios. This field plays a vital role in understanding chemical reactions, energy conversion processes, and transport phenomena, among other applications. Most of them invoked either entropy, or its production rate, or some modified version of it.
Two equivalent forms of the entropy production have been derived
Other forms can be found, i.e Using the entropy flux as a variable.
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