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His conquest of jerusalem spelled the end of an independent jewish state, and thus the incorporation of judea as a client kingdom of the roman republic and later as a province of the roman empire. This chapter covers the history of judaea under roman rule from the conquest of jerusalem by pompey the great (63 bce) to the suppression by the emperor hadrian of jewish rebellion against rome (132‒135 ce). Under roman rule a number of new groups, largely political, emerged in palestine
Their common aim was to seek an independent jewish state However, under herod the great, who was a roman client king, the relationship stabilized, and herod’s temple became a focal point for jewish identity. They were also zealous for, and strict in their observance of, the torah.
Ten years after herod’s death (4 bce), judea came under direct roman administration
The memory of the hasmonian revolt and the trauma of direct roman rule unleashed apocalyptic currents within judaism Various groups within the thoroughly hellenized jewish world responded to the roman empire in different ways, with some embracing it while others rejected it. Judea became a client state of rome, paying tribute and surrendering much of its former autonomy The capture of jerusalem enhanced pompey’s prestige back in rome, strengthening his political capital during an era of intense rivalry among roman elites.
In 586 bce the babylonians sacked jerusalem, destroyed the temple, and exiled many of the jewish elites from their homeland This was a profound political, social, and theological crisis that spurred significant reflection. In 63 bce, a hasmonean civil war opened the way for roman intervention Pompey marched into jerusalem, sacked the city, and reduced the jewish kingdom to a roman client state
Hyrcanus ii was restored as high priest but denied kingship, while much of the hasmoneans’ conquests were stripped away.
The relationship between the jews and rome begins on a bad note with pompey’s conquest of jerusalem and the desecration of the temple
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